Sunday, January 26, 2020
Similarities In Frankenstein And A Dolls House English Literature Essay
Similarities In Frankenstein And A Dolls House English Literature Essay A Dolls House, written by Henrik Ibsen, and Frankenstein, written by Mary Shelley, have many connections between them. Different characters and view points were established in both books, characters in both the novels share similar and different personality traits, and the themes and tones of the two are common. Torvald Helmers character in A Dolls House is a husband who is hardworking, gives in to his wife, and a man who must maintain his title. He is a father of three children and a soon-to-be manager of a bank. Be at rest and feel secureHer is shelter for you; here I will protect you like a hunted dove that I have saved from a hawks claws; I will bring peace to your poor beating heart (Ibsen 65) Torvald says this to his wife after he finds out what his wife has done and that his wife no longer wants to be with him. The wife of Torvald Helmer, Nora Helmer, is always happy, lovable, but yet naÃÆ'Â ¯ve. She is characterized as a doll who is played with. I have been your doll wife, just as at home I was Papas doll child (Ibsen 67). She later finds out that she has been played with just like a doll when the truth of her forging her fathers signature is exposed. She states that it was because she was treated like a doll that she has made nothing of her life and soon decides to leave her husband and kids after the truth behind her secret was spilled by Nils Krogstad.. Nils Krogstad is lawyer and works under Torvald Helmer. Krogstad was in an unhappy marriage which led him to be a widower with several children. He suffers from a diseased moral charactersnuffing about to smell out moral corruption and , as soon as they have found some, put the person concerned into some lucrative position where they can keep their eye on him (Ibsen 15). His character is one who is trying to gain back his good title which he lost when he, himself, forged a signature. In trying to do so, he is blackmailing Nora Helmer. Robert Walton, who Victor is telling his story to, starts off the novel Frankenstein. He is a captain traveling to the North Pole. Walton is an explorer, chasing after non-possessed knowledge. I may there discover the wondrous powerI shall satiate my ardent curiosity with the sight of a part of the world never before visited (Shelley 2). As he goes on his voyage, he begins to feel lonely and sad, seeking for a companion that is able to relate and communicate to. Soon enough, he finds Victor, his new companion, at the brink of death and nurses him back to health. Victor Frankenstein is the main character in Frankenstein. He is a Swiss man who grew up in Geneva reading many alchemists works. He then gains interest about modern science and the secret of life. From this day natural philosophy, and particularly chemistry, in the most comprehensive sense of the term, became nearly my sole occupation (Shelley 36). With this new knowledge, he then creates a monster. The monster is Victor Frankensteins creation. He was made from old body parts and enters life with super-human features, such as being strong and having a good endurance. Remember, thou hast made me more powerful than thyself; my height is superior to thine; my joints more supple (Shelley 86). Along with the monsters strength, height, and endurance, it gained knowledge and learned the ability to speak and read. He turns compassionate, gentle, and kind nature but soon seeks revenge against Victor. From the novels A Dolls House and Frankenstein, the characters from both novels are similar but yet different at the same time. Krogstad and the monster are both characters living a hard life where no one is willing to accept them. If necessary, I am prepared to fight for my small post in the bank as if I were fighting for my life (Ibsen 21). Nils Krogstad was wanting to keep his position in the bank because he felt that it was the only way people will accept and re-give him the respect that he has lost. Also, it was his way of making money for his kids that he also wanted to gain the respect back from. Here then I retreated, and lay down happy to have found a shelter, however miserable, from the inclemency of the season, and still more from the barbarity of man (Shelley 94). The monster that Victor created was completely shunned from people. His grotesque features made people scared and disdain him, making him feel sad and misunderstood. Both characters are also seeking for revenge. But let me tell you this-if I lose my position a second time, you shall lose yours with me (Ibsen 24). Krogstad said this to Nora Helmer when he found out that he was losing his job position. He was trying to get Nora to persuade her husband, Torvald Helmer, to keep him in Torvalds business. In doing so, Krogstad blackmailed Nora. Your hours will pass in dread and misery, and soon the bolt will fall which must ravish from you your happiness foreverrevenge remains-revenge (Shelley 155). Victor Frankenstein made a deal with the monster that he would make a companion for it so the monster wouldnt be alone. After Victor decided to destroy the next monster he was going to create, the monster became angry and warned Victor that he will get his revenge for Victor breaking the deal. In the endings of the novels, both characters change and are now different from one another. I have never had such an amazing piece of good fortune in my life! (Ibsen 55). Krogstad life, in the end, is now brig htening up. He found a new companion, which was Noras childhood friend, and was able to support his family again. In time, he knew he will once again be able to be respected. Farewell! I leave you, and in you the last of humankind whom these eyes will ever beholdI shall die, and what I now feel be no longer felt (Shelley 210). After Victor has passed away, the monster did not feel a need to live anymore. He regretted what he has done and to demolish the regrets and wounds he felt, he vanished in the darkness and distance. These two characters started off with similar feelings of sadness and wants of being accepted. Going towards the end of the novels, both changed into two different people, Krogstad being happy with the life that he will soon be getting and the monster having regrets then disappearing into the sea. A Dolls House and Frankenstein have similar themes. Themes are explored in a literary and are the main ideas of the works. Within the two novels, these themes are discovered: secrecy, role of women, and misleading of appearances. In both of the books, it contains secrecy that separates one from another. Victor felt that sciences secrets must not be shared with others out in the world. He began created a monster in secrecy, which came alive, and planned to destroy it without anyone knowing either. In doing so, he isolates himself from the outside world. Nora Helmer kept her secret of forging her fathers signature from her husband. To Nora, the secret was more meant to protect her husband than lie to him, hoping that they would remain together. The theme of a womens role is noticed in both novels. Women in Frankenstein have the roles of the innocent, loving, and sacrificial mother. This, to my mother, was more than a duty; it was a necessity, a passion-(Shelley 20). In this quote, Vict or is describing her mothers passion of helping the poor. The sacrificial role held by women is shown in A Dolls House. After her father passed, Nora gives herself up to Torvald, her husband. Her abandonment of her family once her secret has been found out is another sacrifice that she had taken. Appearances are misleading and are clearly shown as the novel is unraveled. The monster in Frankenstein is first seen as only a ugly creature with super-human traits and no heart. Later in the novel, the monster is able to speak, read, and feel just like a regular human. This is shocking both to the narrator and reader. A Dolls House, appearances of the characters are mislead to fit with them, then reveals the reality of the plays characters and situations.
Friday, January 17, 2020
Police Discretion Essay
Discretion was defined to be the selection among possible path of actions. It was rampant and has great importance in the criminal justice. Discretion can be looked at different perspectives such as discretion-as-judgment, discretion-as-choice, discretion-as-discernment, discretion-as-liberty and discretion-as-license. In the discretion-as-judgment, discretion is perceived as the converse of routine or habitual practices. In line with this, discretion gives anyone knowledge, ideas, abilities and insights unexpectedly. Police are not soldiers that are commanded with orders. Police must be more objective and prudent in applying and materializing rules and must follow what the rule is all about. As discretion-as-choice, discretion includes forming of personal attachments, contribution, judgment calls and intellectual decisions. It is all about the ability of making own decisions and following your conscience and modification of superior’s decision if necessary.            On the other hand, discretion-as-discernment looked at discretion as not only making decisions or choices but also making good and virtuous decisions. Discernment is prudence, foresight tactfulness, tolerance, empathy and being discreet. In discretion-as-liberty, discretion is the authorization of being free to act and using this permission to broaden the rights and duties, which aim of vision of liberty and inalienable rights. Lastly, the discretion-as-license sees discretion as the contrary of standard prospect. It gives anybody the privilege to break the rules, defy your immediate superior, and be less than perfect all the time however maintaining good relationship with your superior or the common public. Furthermore, discretion not just like doing what you like what you want and what you prefer. Discretion is restricted by several norms of the society. Police discretion was a forbidden theme of conversation until 1956 when American Bar Foundation released a study about it. Even the study had showed such discretion, still nobody would admit it occurred or existed. The attitude of police toward legality of actions is that any variation from accepted flow of actions was considered extralegal and noted as somewhat source of corruption. When it was unveiled to public, people and other institutions like the American Friends Service Committee (1971) have called for its immediate abolishment and thus police authorities required a clampdown on the issue of discretion. Now, it is perceived as bad or good if used properly. The exercise of discretion was mainly not the problem however; there are cases that police discretion was abused.            Discretion is granted on police authorities for the purpose of serving the needs of the community and giving them the sense of protection they need. There are different types of police; legalistic, watchman or service style but the main point is how they structured and controlled discretion.             There are various causes of police discretion. One is an offender variable in which police accept seriously complaints made by mature individual than complaints made by youth. African Americans are more prone for arrest and force of police authorities. There are also cases that people who show good attitude to police is most likely to be treated mildly. People who are rich and influential and located at the upper class obtained special treatment from the police authorities. Mental status and gender is another factor that affects police on how to deal with different incident encountered. Another cause is situation variables in which police gave more importance serious crimes than minor ones. Usually, handling of deadly weapons or manifesting police resistance made police officers more reactive to situation. In addition, the essentiality of property involved in crime scene determines the efficiency of police response and investigatory actions towards it. Police rarely acts upon complaints of citizen; they prioritize activities commenced by police administration. Bureaucracy of police is more manifested with the presence of witnesses, media and the public.           Police also has a tendency of becoming lenient when justice system was clogged and become stern when they need money. Size and structure of the department are directly proportional to the intensity of police discretion. Communities that have many resources and give more services to public tend police to employ no arrest system.            Moreover police has a belief that legislature have no aspiration of total enforcement, however what they believed is that politicians were making more appearances on the crime scenes portraying a good and sincere image to the public.            Domestic violence, drunk driving, laziness, lack of faith in utility of arrest, hate crime, mental illness, vice crime and use of force are the different areas of discretion.            Domestic violence is one area where police abused. Instead of prosecuting husbands who battered their wives, police officers do nothing. Some police dealt more with mediation, counseling and social service referral. The reasons of such attitude of police are; they see domestic violence as a private matter, victims were usually uncooperative, apprehension of breadwinner would be a burden to the family and because male police favored male assailant. To avoid the burdens of court dates and paper works they used and abused the power of discretion.            The use of force is another area where we can see how discretion maws structured and controlled. The force used by the police are only limited and reasonable for any situation. The use of force must be in total control in order to protect them from civil liability.            Police discretion is a double-edge sword that can be used for good or bad intentions or purposes.            Even if we say that the relics of racial discrimination in law enforcement in the past is gone, we cannot take the fact that attempts to control police discretion do not guaranteed that there is no abuse of police discretion in the part of the enforcer. There were visible historic impetuses for controlling police discretion concerning racial discrimination but still do not assured of the objectivity of the police. We all know that discretion is some sort of making choices hence there would be a salient point that there is someone who would be the loser in the selection. In many cases, racial minorities, immigrants, young people and people who have different cultural and political views from majority group were always the losers. At the very first, the problem in granting police discretion and judicial control of discretion only gives law enforcement permission to target the least likely heard and sound complaints. This was truly manifested in heterogeneous communities and even in the homogeneous society. The next big question is that, â€Å"Are US police biased?†.  There are findings that police and justice system in the United States were not biased when it comes to race. For someone to be prisoner, there are four things that must first have to occur. Before a police arrest somebody, charges must be filed first, plead guilty, found him guilty of the crime, and sentenced him to prison. Definitely and certainly, racial discrimination cannot be observed in this situation. Blacks have certainly high chance of being arrested than any other race. In the statistics presented by the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR), black share a large percentage (about 27 percent) of apprehension cases which is quite amusing because they were only 13 percent of the total population of the United States. On the other hand white and Hispanics are accounted for the 71 percent of arrest cases but constitute 81 percent of the total population of America. If all crimes of various types were summed up, the chance of being arrested of a Blackman is twice of that of both white and Hispanics. They have a larger chance of being arrested for violent crimes and even much larger for robbery. Many people believed that Blacks are arrested so frequent because police are biased in targeting crime committers. They think police arrest them with no objective and legal reasons. Several laws have passed in order to correct what they think as abuse of authority. Conversely, police strongly say that they arrest a huge number of Blacks because they themselves commit a great number of criminals. The most objective way of looking the presence of police bias is to have a comparison between the proportion of Black criminals and the proportion of arrested Black suspects. If in case equal, it is a positive indication that police are fair in exercising their authority. The UCR and  the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) have recorded the most current data regarding the different crimes done to victims and the number of arrest of those various crimes. However, the data do not represent the actual occurrence of crimes; instead, a smaller number of arrests were recorded. NCVS conducted data extrapolation and showed the estimation of the actual number of crimes in the United States annually. From 2001 to 2003, approximately 1.8 robberies have occurred. Similarly, UCR reported that police arrested about 229,000 for robbery. Before a police makes an arrest, one must tell them of the crime hence the most applicable manner of to assess whether there exist biasness in law enforcement by the police is really the comparison between the proportion of Black criminals and the proportion of arrested Black suspects. The data showed that 55 percent of the offenders in robbery cases were all black and 55.4 percent of the robbers were reported to the police were black. In line with this, 54.1 percent of the robbers subjected for apprehension were black. Actually, police arrests fewer blacks than what is expected. In other crimes such as burglary, 45 percent of black crime committers were reported however, only 28 percent of arrested suspects were actually black. When all the crimes are collected, blacks have a 26 percent less chance of being arrested than any other races.  These facts do not support the charges against them instead it imply the opposite; the police are more rigorous in non-black apprehension.            Victims are asked to give description of their perpetrators and sometimes victims do not identify Hispanic suspects correctly. They somehow categorized them as either Asian or Indian.            Victims are most likely to call the attention of the enforcer if the crime committer has gun or any weapon at hand. Usually, blacks handled guns and knives more frequently than any race did, thus more crimes were associated with blacks. Moreover, even on the same crime category, blacks are committing serious offenses; therefore, even though they constitute only thirteen percent of the total population of the United States, they commit a large number of crimes than anybody else (based on data gathered by NCVS).            Blacks have a higher possibility of stealing cars. The National Incident-Based System (NIBRS) is a database wherein you can use it to make clear comparisons between race of offenders reported and number of each race arrested. Four thousand seven hundred twenty six police departments in 23 states have detailed all crimes known to them including information about the race of the criminal involved and the race of arrested criminals. The data presented represent less than 20 percent of American population and a 15 percent of total crimes occurred in all the states in America.            Furthermore, violent interracial crimes involved 85 percent of blacks while whites only contribute 15 percent of the crime. Blacks commit more interracial crimes and hate crimes against white (about 45 percent) than blacks do. A very shocking and striking statistics showed that blacks are 39 times more possibly to be involved in crimes on white than whites committing crimes against black. Blacks commit robbery above a hundred times. Clearly, from these arguments we can conclude that police was not really biased when enforcing law and authority towards race. Still there are many believed that there exist racial discrimination in exercising police discretion. Racial separation and discrimination are still visible in the United States. It seemed that African American and other colored people are not truly accepted in the American community. Racial discrimination (not only with blacks) is deeply seen in the enforcement of laws and judicial process. Muslims felt this kind of unfairness since the September 11 bombings and attacks. Associated Press has reported cases of Muslim discrimination in United States. In November 2006, 6 Muslims who came from a conference have removed from the airport, handcuffed and interrogated by airlines enforcers because of a false alarm from a passenger. Investigation was conducted and found out that the airlines had unlawfully taken out the six Muslims. Another instance is the Latino and African-American motorist in Los Angeles were most likely to be questioned and subjected for vehicle inspections than whites. Racial discrimination was manifested in judicial processes and procedures in the United States. In fact, blacks usually received a more severe and harsh punishment than whites. Based on statistics taken by the National Urban League, male blacks were sentenced longer than any white man was. Forty percent of male black prisoners condemned to more than a single year of imprisonment while 20 percent were Latin Americans. The number of black prisoners was about 7 times that of white inmates and the number Latin Americans were 2.5 times higher than that of white. In addition, it showed that blacks have the higher probability of being imprisoned or jailed than whites. This racial bias has resulted to hate crimes. A relatively high increase of the racist and neo-Nazi groups has occurred for five years and hate crimes continuously stretching within America. Study showed that crime committers were mainly motivated by racial bias.            Human rights violation by law enforcement and judicial system is also a frequent and widespread situation in several parts of the United States. The enforcer seriously abuses police discretion. Reports from Human Rights Watch told that since September 11 attacks, more than 70 men were put in prison without any criminal charges. Moreover, reports from the Washington Post said that complaints against New York Police Department have augmented by 60 percent in the span of four years. A study conducted by Professor Craig Futterman of the University of Chicago stated that 662 out of 13,500 Chicago police enforcer have received each more than ten complaints. In line with this, four police were arrested for false arrest. Two former inmates of Cook County Jail complained of physical injuries got from jail guards. Michael Mejia was handcuffed by guards and banged his face on the wall. Guards also received complaints from allegation of kicking and stomping of prisoners. Nevertheless, officials of the jail’s internal affairs division did not act on those complaints.            Judicial injustice in the United States is quite alarming. There are cases reported that offenders were put to prison without proving guilty of the crime or even conducted house arrests without formal proceedings.            Faulty cases and frame-up were observed in the United States. Investigations and reviews showed that 328 criminal cases were all frame-up and thus implied that a relatively high number of prisoners were innocent of the allegation. A man who was alleged and jailed for rape asked for a DNA test but police declined his request. After the September 11 attacks, 6,472 individuals were subjected to prosecution on terrorism-related cases. Many arrested individuals prior to terrorism charges have freed from charges because of insufficient evidences.  Sixty four percent of them were proven innocent and an added 9 percent of were dismissed by prosecutors.            United States has recorded a highest number of prisoners in the world. There are actually 2.2 million of prisoners in the municipal jails. The US correctional have recorded 7 million prisoners both men and women.            Abuse and mistreatment is common to US jails. In fact, the United States is the only nation in the world that used dogs to punish and scare inmates in the prison. They used these dogs aggressively and uncompromisingly to attack and assault prisoners to take out prisoners in the cell. The Human Rights Watch reported that Connecticut prisons were subjected of using dogs twenty times just to remove prisoners in cell. There are also reported cases of abuse of illegal immigrant in US. Those immigrants that were mistreated by police and suffered from hunger and eventually committed suicide. Another abuse case is improper housing of prisoners in different jails. The United States have 60 prisons, which houses a couple of thousand inmates. The inmates were jailed in a very small area, which is not well ventilated. Due to this situation, inmates become eventually insane and mentally ill.            Some primary rights of prisoners were removed from them. For instance, their right to vote was deprived from them.            Disease and crimes were rampant in many jails in the United States. Based on records from the United States Department of Justice, 50 percent of the total prisoners in the United States have suffered from mental illness such as melancholia, mania and hallucination. Over a million prisoners that are released annually have a very contagious and infectious disease. In line with this, a rate of 7000 prisoners per annum died in US prisons. Majority of the deaths recorded were caused by mental illness, which was untreated and left undetected. Aside from this, prisoners also suffered from basic ailments like colds and other virus-infected diseases. In the 2004 survey, the number of AIDS infected prisoners in federal jails increased by almost a thousand, which is relatively higher than the rate in US population.            In connection to AIDS problem, sexual assaults were rampant in various prisons in the United States. Thirteen percent prisoners in US prisons experienced sexual abuse from police enforcer. Approximately 200,000 inmates were abused sexually and has a tendency of becoming victims of sexual assaults.            Here manifestation of racial discrimination, religion discrimination and human rights violation were observed. Blacks were often discriminated when it comes to law enforcement and policing in the United States.            Two sides of police discretion were presented. One is that police are not biased and they just do their intended job. The other side is the abuse of police authority and power that is reflected by the complaints of different assaults and racial discrimination. Nevertheless, whichever is correct is not the idea but the real point here is that how effective the enforcement of law and justice in the United States.            We see that police enforcement was not so effective in dealing with criminal acts. Many criminals were not really punished by law instead the innocent one suffered from it. In the past until the present, law enforcement is still weak in giving justice to anybody and now is the right time of altering the judicial system in United States.            Discretion is not doing anything that you want. Discretion is delimited by norms of the society in which police must conform. Police discretion is somehow good if used in good intension. Police discretion became evil only if abuse by cruel authorities.            Police discretion enforces law to have a harmonious society with no trace of criminal acts but if not used properly this would bring more chaos to the community. Work Cited  Feng, Cheng. Full Text: The Human Rights Record of the United States in 2006, On Human Rights Violations by Law Enforcement and Judicial Departments.Gov cn. 8 March 2007. 10 December 2007 < http://www.gov.cn/misc/2007-03/08/content_545466_2.htm>. Feng, Cheng. Full Text: The Human Rights Record of the United States in 2006, Racial Discrimination.Gov cn. 8 March 2007. 10 December 2007 < http://www.gov.cn/misc/2007-03/08/content_545466_5.htm >. Free M. D.Racial Issues in Criminal Justice: The Case of African Americans. Monsey, New York: Criminal Justice Press. March 2005. 10 December 2007 . Injustice in America. Jeremiah Project. 10 December 2007 < http://www.jeremiahproject. com/prophecy/justice02.html>. â€Å"Police Discretion†. Syllabus for JUS 205MegaLinks in Criminal Justice.  6 January 2004. 10 December 2007 < http://faculty.ncwc.edu/TOConnor/205/205lect09.htm>.  The Color of Crime: Race, Crime and Violence in America. New Century Foundation. 1999. 10 December 2007 < http://www.nc-f.org/colorcrime99.pdf>. Â
Thursday, January 9, 2020
Adolescent Delinquency And Conduct Disorder - 1677 Words
Adolescence is a transitional stage of physical and psychological human development that generally occurs during the period from puberty to legal adulthood. (Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, p. 3) Aggression is defined as a forceful action or procedure especially when intended to dominate or master. (Merriam Webster Dictionary) Aggressive behavior can be either impulsive reacting to a trigger or proactive which can be premeditated. Aggressive behaviors can vary from problems with emotional regulation to severe and manipulative behaviors. There are various characteristics of aggression, which can include behaviors such as starting rumors; excluding others; arguing; bullying, both verbally (name-calling) and physically†¦show more content†¦(Zahrt Melzer-Lane, 2011, p. 3) Glick and Gibbs developed aggression Replacement Training, a comprehensive intervention for aggressive youth. Glick uses a four-step process to teach adolescents social skills. First, he shows them the part icular behavior, such as saying thank-you, asking for help, complaining, apologizing, giving instructions, asking permission, standing up for your rights, and setting a goal. Next he gives the youth a chance to try the skill by role-playing. Afterwards, Glick discusses the role-play with the teen. Over a period of days or weeks, many skills are acted out. Gradually, the adolescent becomes comfortable using new social skills, and is more likely to use them effectively in real life to avoid trouble (Glick, 1996). In the fourth step, the adolescent is expected to use the skill in actual situations where he or she might otherwise have resorted to violence (Glick, 1996). Glick s program also teaches specific ways to handle anger. The adolescent must learn the following skills. Identifying triggers: external and internal events that provoke anger (such as people saying â€Å"no†or insulting us [external] and fears that â€Å"I’m not good enough†or feeling confused [ internal]. Identifying cues: physical signs of youth s own angerâ€â€tightened muscles
Wednesday, January 1, 2020
Difference Between Atomic Radius and Ionic Radius
You cant simply whip out a yardstick or ruler to measure the size of an atom. These building blocks of all matter are much too small, and, since electrons are always in motion, the diameter of an atom is a bit fuzzy. Two measures used to describe atomic size are atomic radius and ionic radius. The two are very similarâ€â€and in some cases, even the sameâ€â€but there are minor and important differences between them. Read on to learn more about these two ways to measure an atom. Key Takeaways: Atomic vs Ionic Radius There are different ways to measure the size of the atom, including atomic radius, ionic radius, covalent radius, and van der Waals radius.The atomic radius is half the diameter of a neutral atom. In other words, it is half the diameter of an atom, measuring across the outer stable electrons.The ionic radius is half the distance between two gas atoms that are just touching each other. This value may be the same as the atomic radius, or it may be larger for anions and the same size or smaller for cations.Both atomic and ionic radius follow the same trend on the periodic table. Generally, radius decreases moving across a period (row) and increases moving down a group (column). Atomic Radius The atomic radius is the distance from the atomic nucleus to the outermost stable electron of a neutral atom. In practice, the value is obtained by measuring the diameter of an atom and dividing it in half. The radii of neutral atoms range from 30 to 300 pm or trillionths of a meter. The atomic radius is a term used to describe the size of the atom. However, there is no standard definition for this value. Atomic radius may actually refer to the ionic radius, as well as the covalent radius, metallic radius, or van der Waals radius. Ionic Radius The ionic radius is half the distance between two gas atoms that are just touching each other. Values range from 30 pm to over 200 pm. In a neutral atom, the atomic and ionic radius are the same, but many elements exist as anions or cations. If the atom loses its outermost electron (positively charged or cation), the ionic radius is smaller than the atomic radius because the atom loses an electron energy shell. If the atom gains an electron (negatively charged or anion), usually the electron falls into an existing energy shell so the size of the ionic radius and atomic radius are comparable. The concept of the ionic radius is further complicated by the shape of atoms and ions. While particles of matter are often depicted as spheres, they arent always round. Researchers have discovered chalcogen ions are actually ellipsoid in shape. Trends in the Periodic Table Whichever method you use to describe atomic size, it displays a trend or periodicity in the periodic table. Periodicity refers to the recurring trends that are seen in the element properties. These trends became apparent to Demitri Mendeleev when he arranged the elements in order of increasing mass. Based on the properties that were displayed by the known elements, Mendeleev was able to predict where there were holes in his table, or elements yet to be discovered. The modern periodic table is very similar to Mendeleevs table but today, elements are ordered by increasing atomic number, which reflects the number of protons in an atom. There arent any undiscovered elements, although new elements can be created that have even higher numbers of protons. Atomic and ionic radius increase as you move down a column (group) of the periodic table because an electron shell is added to the atoms. Atomic size decreases as you move across a rowâ€â€or periodâ€â€of the table because the increased number of protons exerts a stronger pull on the electrons. Noble gasses are the exception. Although the size of a noble gas atom does increase as you move down the column, these atoms are larger than the preceding atoms in a row. Sources Basdevant, J.-L.; Rich, J.; Spiro, M. Fundamentals in Nuclear Physics. Springer. 2005. ISBN 978-0-387-01672-6. Cotton, F. A.; Wilkinson, G. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed., p.1385). Wiley. 1988. ISBN 978-0-471-84997-1.Pauling, L. The Nature of the Chemical Bond (3rd ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 1960Wasastjerna, J. A. On the Radii of Ions. Comm. Phys.-Math., Soc. Sci. Fenn. 1 (38): 1–25. 1923
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)